Traditionally, there are three core areas of learning a language: vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation. While you need words for content, by themselves, without grammar, they can only convey the simplest things. And grammar without words is empty. But even with perfect vocabulary and impeccable grammar, if, when you speak, your pronunciation is bad, you will not be communicating. Here are some tips on improving your pronunciation of English.

Pronunciation is a physical act. As you grew up, the muscles you used to speak got trained in specific ways, depending on what language or languages you spoke. This makes it hard to produce sounds that are different from the ones you learned as a child, since your muscles are not appropriately trained. In addition, your ear is used to hearing certain sounds and filtering out “errors” and extraneous sounds. Unfortunately, what might be an error or extraneous sound in Russian or Kazakh can be a key sound in English. To make English phonemes, you need to practice saying them. And a ground rule in general is that your mouth should move a lot, opening wide, closing, pulling the lips back etc.

Depending on the version, English has about 44 phonemes (short sounds that native speakers hear as distinct, e.g., the sounds represented by the three letters f, u, and n in fun). Some of these, like /s/and /n/, are essentially the same as their Russian counterparts. So don’t worry about them.

Today we will look at the English consonants that Russian speakers typically have the most trouble with. In Part 2, we will look at other consonants that can be a problem of lesser seriousness. Then we will move on to vowels and other important features of pronunciation, such as linking and intonation.

• /w/ — This is pronounced by making a fish-kiss shape with your lips, blowing air out while vibrating your vocal cords, and then pulling the lips back. The biggest problem that most Russian speakers have is confusing this with /v/, which is basically the same as the Russian в. Practice this tongue twister to work on the distinction between /w/ and /v/. Every Wednesday eve, we visit wee village walls. Record yourself and listen: do you alternate the /v/ and /w/ sounds?
• /ð/ (voiced th) and /θ/ (unvoiced th) – These two phonemes are absent in Russian. They are produced by placing your tongue against the back of your upper teeth or by sticking your tongue out while touching your upper teeth and then blowing air between the teeth and tongue. To make /θ/, just blow; to make /ð/ , vibrate your vocal cords while blowing.
• /h/ — This phoneme does not exist in Russian. It is like Russian /x/ but with the throat relaxed, the jaw dropped a bit and the part of the tongue that is raised more forward. This unvoiced phoneme is “pronounced” in the throat, not the mouth. It is not at all like /g/, which is fully voiced.
• /r/ — This is not trilled in English. It is “smooth.” Also, the tip of the tongue does not touch the palate.

Here are useful Youtube sites for these phonemes:

• /w/ Mixing Up V & W sounds: American English Pronunciation (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_C_uw2PaA2w) and English Sounds — W [w] Consonant — How to make the W [w] Consonant (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RW94L6606DE)
• /ð/ and /θ/ English Sounds — The Two TH Consonants [θ] and [ð] (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nlKNo1TGALA)
• /h/ 10 pronunciation mistakes RUSSIAN SPEAKERS make (and how to avoid them)

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZPPBQcz-ZPk) starting at 6:38; English Sounds — H [h] Consonant — How to make the H [h] Consonant (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOG-4ZjR7ic0

• /r/ English: How to Pronounce R [ɹ] Consonant: American Accent (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq_yIbrD01c_)